a    ā    á    ǎ    à

Tips for a: The mouth is wide open. The tongue is flat and at its lowest position. The lips are not rounded.

o    ō    ó    ǒ    ò

Tips for o: The mouth is half open. The tongue is flat and at its lowest position. The lips are not rounded.

e    ē    é    ě    è

Tips for e: The opening of the mouth and the position of the tongue are identical with that for "o", but the lips are not rounded. It can be produced by pronouncing "O" and then spreading the lips towards the two sides.

i     ī     í     ǐ     ì

Tips for i: The opening of the mouth is narrow. The tongue raised and pushed forward towards the position naturally against the lower teeth. the lips spread to the two sides into a flat position.

u    ū    ú    ǔ    ù

TIps for u: The opening of the mouth is narrow. The tongue is held back with its back raised close to the soft palate. The lips are forced into a harrow and round position with only a small opening left.

ü    ǖ    ǘ    ǚ    ǜ

Tips for ü: It is pronounced with the tongue in position for i, but the lips are forced into a round position.