中国境内河流众多，流域面积在1000平方公里以上者多达1500余条。由于主要河流多发源于青藏高原，从河源到河口落差很大，因此中国的水力资源非常丰富，蕴藏量达6.8亿千瓦，居世界第一位。
河流分为外流河和内流河。注入海洋的外流河，流域面积约占全国陆地总面积的64%。长江、黄河、黑龙江、珠江、辽河、海河、淮河等向东流入太平洋；西藏的雅鲁藏布江向东流出国境再向南注入印度洋，河流的上方是长504.6公里、深6009米的世界第一大峡谷——雅鲁藏布江大峡谷；新疆的额尔齐斯河则向北流出国境注入北冰洋。流入内陆湖或消失于沙漠、盐滩之中的内流河，流域面积约占
全国陆地总面积的36%。新疆南部的塔里木河是中国最长的内流河，全长2179公里。
长江是中国第一大河，全长6300公里，仅次于非洲的尼罗河和南美洲的亚马孙河，为世界第三大河。其上游穿行于高山深谷之间，蕴藏着丰富的水力资源。长江也是中国东西水上运输的大动脉，天然河道优越，有“黄金水道”之称。长江中下游地区气候温暖湿润、雨量充沛、土地肥沃，是中国重要的农业区。黄河为中国第二长河，全长5464公里。黄河流域牧场丰美、农业发达、矿藏富饶，是中国古代文明的发祥地之一。黑龙江是中国北部的大河，全长4350公里，其中有3101公里流经中国境内；珠江为中国南部的大河，全长2214公里。除天然河流外，中国还有一条著名的人工河，那就是贯穿南北的大运河。它始凿于公元前五世纪，北起北京，南抵浙江杭州，沟通海河、黄河、淮河、长江、钱塘江五大水系，全长1801公里，是世界上开凿最早、最长的人工河。
中国境内湖泊众多，长江中下游地区和青藏高原是湖泊最多的两个地区。前者为淡水湖最集中的地区，主要有鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、太湖、洪泽湖等，其中江西省北部的鄱阳湖最大，面积3583平方公里；后者主要分布着咸水湖，有青海湖、纳木湖、奇林湖等，当中以青海省东北部的青海湖最大，面积4583平方公里。
China has over 1,500 rivers. Most of the major rivers - like the Yangtze - have their source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and drop greatly from the source to the mouths. As a result, China is rich in water-power resources, leading the world in hydropower potential, with reserves of 680 million kw.
Known as Chang Jiang or "Long River" in Chinese, the Yangtze at 6,300 km is not only the longest river in China but in all of Asia. It is the third longest river in the world, next only to the Nile in Africa (6,670 km) and
the Amazon in South America (6,400 km). In its upper reaches, the Yangtze tumbles through steep, forested gorges. In its middle and lower reaches, the Yangtze River flows through important agricultural regions that have a warm and humid climate, plentiful rainfall and fertile soil.
Also known as the "golden waterway," the Yangtze serves as an important trade and transportation route. The second longest river in China is the Yellow River with a length of 5,464 km. The Yellow River valley was one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese civilization. It has lush pasturelands along its banks, flourishing agriculture and abundant mineral deposits.
The Heilong River is a large river in north China with a total length of 4,350 km, of which, 3,101 km are in China. The Pearl River (Zhujiang), 2,214 km long, is a major river in south China. In addition, China has a famous man-made river - the Grand Canal, running from Beijing in the north to Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province in the south. Work first began on the Grand Canal as early as in the fifth century A.D. It links five major rivers: the Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze and Qiantang. With a total length of 1,801 km, the Grand Canal is the longest as well as the oldest man-made waterway in the world.
China's many rivers can be categorized as exterior and interior systems. The catchment area for the exterior rivers that empty into the oceans accounts for 64 percent of the country's total land area. The Yangtze, Yellow, Heilong, Pearl, Liaohe, Haihe and Huaihe rivers flow east, and empty into the Pacific Ocean. The Yarlungzangbo River in Tibet, which flows first east and then south into the Indian Ocean, boasts the Yarlungzangbo Grand Canyon, the largest canyon in the world, 504.6 km long and 6,009 m deep. The Ertix River flows north from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the Arctic Ocean. The catchment area for the interior rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into deserts or salt marshes makes up about 36 percent of China's total land area. Its 2,179 km makes the Tarim River in southern Xinjiang China's longest interior river.
China's territory includes numerous lakes, most of which are found on the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Freshwater lakes mostly lie in the former area, such as Poyang, Dongting, Taihu, and Hongze; while in the latter are saltwater lakes, such as Qinghai, Nam Co and Siling Co. Poyang Lake, in the north of Jiangxi Province and with an area of 3,583 sq km, is the largest one of its kind and Qinghai Lake, in northeast Qinghai Province and with an area of 4,583 sq km, is the largest one of its kind.
