形容中国的土地和矿产时，人们常常要用到许多庞大的数字。耕地、林地、草地、荒漠、滩涂等在中国都有大面积分布。耕地主要集中在东部，草原多分布在北部和西部，而森林大都集中在东北和西南边远地区。
中国现有耕地13004万公顷。东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游平原、珠江三角洲和四川盆地是耕地分布最为集中的地区。面积35万多平方公里的东北平原是中国第一大平原，大部分是黑色沃土，盛产小麦、玉米、大豆、高粱、亚麻和甜菜。华北平原大多是褐色土壤，土层深厚，农作物有小麦、玉米、谷子、棉花等。长江中下游平原地势低平，河流和湖泊星罗棋布，是中国主要的水稻、淡水鱼产区，素称“鱼米之乡”，并且盛产茶叶和桑蚕。被誉为“天府之国”的四川盆地多为紫色土
壤，气候暖湿，农作物可四季生长，盛产水稻、油菜和甘蔗。珠江三角洲盛产水稻，每年可收获二至三次。
中国的森林面积较小，约为15894万公顷。东北地区的大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山区，是中国最大的天然林区，遍布望不到边的红松、落叶松、黄花松等针叶林及白桦、柞树、水曲柳、杨树、榆树等阔叶林。其次为西南天然林区，该区主要树种有云杉、冷杉、云南松，还有珍贵的柚木、紫檀、樟、楠、红木等；云南省南部的西双版纳是中国少有的热带阔叶林区，森林植物多达5000余种，有“植物王国”之称。
中国的草地面积约40000万公顷。在从东北到西南绵延3000多公里的草原带上，分布着多个畜牧业基地。内蒙古草原为中国最大的天然牧场，出产著名的三河牛、三河马和蒙古绵羊。新疆天山南北也是中国重要的天然草场和牲畜良种基地，出产著名的伊犁马和新疆细毛羊。
中国耕地、森林、草地面积的绝对数量均居世界前列，但由于人口众多，按人口平均计算的相对数量却很少。尤其是耕地，仅为世界人均水平的三分之一。
世界上已知的矿产在中国均能找到，且储量丰富。目前，已经探明储量的矿产有158种，总储量居世界第三位。煤、铁、铜、铝、锑、钼、锰、锡、铅、锌、汞等主要矿产储量均居世界前列。其中煤炭基础储量为3317.6亿吨，主要分布在西北、华北地区，尤以新疆、山西、内蒙古最为丰富；铁矿石的基础储量为213.6亿吨，主要分布在东北、华北和西南地区。石油、天然气、油页岩、磷、硫等矿产也很丰富。石油主要蕴藏在西北地区，其次为东北、华北地区和东部沿海浅海大陆架。稀土金属的储量，比世界其他国家的稀土总量还多。
Cultivated land, forests, grasslands, deserts and tidelands are distributed widely across China. Cultivated land is mainly located in east China, grasslands are mainly located in north and west China, and forests mainly in the remote northeastern and southwestern areas.
In China today, 130.04 million hectares of land is cultivated, mainly on the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain, the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain, the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. The fertile black soil of the Northeast Plain, the largest plain in China with an area of more than 350,000 sq km, abounds in wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, flax and sugar beet. The deep, brown topsoil of the North China Plain is planted with wheat, corn, millet and cotton. The Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain's flat terrain and many lakes and rivers make it particularly suitable for paddy rice and freshwater fish, hence its designation of "land of fish and rice." This area also produces large quantities of tea and silkworms.The purplish soil of the warm and humid Sichuan Basin
is green with crops in all four seasons, including paddy rice, rapeseed and sugarcane, making it known as the "land of plenty." The Pearl River Delta abounds with paddy rice gathered 2-3 times every year.
Forests cover only 158.94 million ha of China. The Greater Hinggan, Lesser Hinggan and Changbai mountain ranges in the northeast are China's largest natural forest areas. Major tree species found here include conifers, such as Korean pine, larch and Olga Bay larch, and coniferous-broadleaf trees such as white birch, oak, willow, elm and Northeast China ash. Major tree species in the southwest include the dragon spruce, fir and Yunnan pine, as well as teak, red sandalwood, camphor, nanmu and padauk. Often called a "kingdom of plants," Xishuangbanna in the south of Yunnan Province is a rare tropical broadleaf forest area in China, playing host to more than 5,000 plant species.
Grasslands in China cover an area of 400 million ha, stretching more than 3,000 km from the northeast to the southwest. They are the centers of animal husbandry. The Inner Mongolian Prairie is China's largest natural pastureland, and home to the famous Sanhe horses, Sanhe cattle and Mongolian sheep. The important natural pasturelands north and south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are ideal for stockbreeding. The famous Ili horses and Xinjiang fine-wool sheep are raised here.
China's cultivated lands, forests and grasslands are among the world's largest in terms of sheer area. But due to China's large population, the areas of cultivated land, forest and grassland per capita are small, especially in the case of cultivated land - only one-third of the world's average.
China is rich in mineral resources, and all of the world's known minerals can be found here. To date, geologists have confirmed reserves of 158 different minerals. These include 10 energy-related minerals, including oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium; 54 metallic minerals, including iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc; 91 non-metallic minerals, including graphite, phosphorus, sulfur and sylvite. The reserves of the major mineral resources, such as coal, iron, copper, aluminum, stibium, molybdenum, manganese, tin, lead, zinc and mercury, are in the world's front rank. China's basic coal reserves total 331.76 billion tons, mainly distributed in northeast China and north China, with Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanxi Province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region taking the lead. China's 21.36 billion tons of the basic reserve of iron ore are mainly distributed in northeast, north and southwest China. The country also abounds in petroleum, natural gas, oil shale, phosphorus and sulphur. Petroleum reserves are mainly found in the northwest, northeast and north China, as well as in the continental shelves of east China. The national reserves of rare earth metals far exceed the combined total for the rest of the world.
